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CHAPTER XI

Pronouns

§ 161. 1. Personal.

	Sing.	Plur.
Nom.	ih, I	wir
Acc.	mih	unsih
Gen.	mīn	unsēr
Dat.	mir	uns.
	Sing.	Plur.
Nom.	dū, du, thou	ir
Acc.	dih	iuwih
Gen.	dīn	iuwēr
Dat.	dir	iu

	Sing.
Nom.	ër, he	iž, it, there	siu; sī, si, she
Acc.	inan, in	iž	sia (sie)
Gen.	(sīn)	is, ës	ira (iru, -o)
Dat.	imu, imo	imu, imo	imu, imo
	Plur.
Nom.	sie	siu	sio
Acc.	sie	siu	sio
Gen.	iro	iro	iro
Dat.	im, in	im, in	im, in

Note.—l. ih and dū were often attached enclitically to the verb, especially in poetry, as gibuh=gibu ih, findistu — findis dū. The forms iuwih, iuwēr were mostly written iuuih, iuuēr, sometimes also iuih, iuēr.

2. Beside ēr (= Latin and Gothic is, he) appear in some Franconian monuments the forms hēr, hē (OE. hē, he, he).

3. Beside the accented forms man, imo, iro, sia, sie, sio occur the unaccented forms nan, mo, ro, sa, se, so.

4. ër, iž, ës, in were sometimes attached enclitically to a preceding word, as giloubt-ër.—giloubta ër; imos=imo ës, &c.

§162. 2. Reflexive.

	Sing.	Plur.
Acc.	sih, oneself	sih
Gen.	sīn (ira)	(iro)
Dat.	(imu, iru)	(im)

3. Possessive.

§ 163. The possessive pronouns of the first and second persons were formed from the gen. case of the corresponding personal pronouns, thus, mīn, my, dīn, thy, unsēr, our, iuwēr, your. The masc. and neut. sg. were expressed by the reflexive form sīn, his, its; the fern. sg. by ira, her, lit. of her, and the plural, all genders, by iro, their, lit. of them.

They were declined according to the strong declension, § 137.

Masc. Neut. Fem.

Nom. mīnēr mīnaž mīniu

unserēr unseraž unseriu.

Note.—Beside unserēr, iuwerēr the forms unsarēr, iawarēr sometimes occur.

§ 164. unsēr and iuwēr have also shortened inflected forms in Franconian :—

Masc. Neut. Fem.

Sing. Nom. unsēr unsaž unsu

Acc. unsan unsaž unsa

Gen. unses unses unsera

Dat. unsemo unsemo unseru

Plur. Nom. unse unsu unso

&c. &c. &c.

4. Demonstrative.

§ 165. The simple demonstrative thër, dër was employed both as definite article and relative pronoun.

	Sing.
	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nom.	dër	daž	diu
Acc.	dën	daž	dea, dia (die)
Gen.	dës	dës	dëra, (dëru, -o)
Dat.	dëmu, demo	dëmu, demo	dëru, -o
	Plur.
Nom. Acc.	dē, dea, dia, die	diu, (dei)	deo, dio
Gen.	dëro	dëro	dëro
Dat.	dēm, dēn	dēm, dēn	dēm, dēn

Note.—1. The Franconian dialects have mostly the unshifted forms thēr, thaž, thiu, &c.

2. Beside the nom. form thēr occurs also thie (thē) in Tatian.

3. Beside the nom., acc. fem. pl. thio occur in Franconian also thie, rarely thia.

4. dër, &c., when used as a rel. pronoun, frequently had contracted forms, especially in poetry, as theih from *tha ih = thaž ih, thiuns = thiu uns, zēn = zi thēn.

§ 166. The compound demonstrative pronoun is declined

thus:—

	Sing.
	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nom.	dëse, dësēr, this	diz	dësiu, disiu (thisu)
Acc.	dësan	diz	dësa
Gen.	dësses	dësses	dësera
Dat.	dësemu, dësemo	dësemu, dësemo	dëseru
Instr.		dësiu, dësu disiu, disu
	Plur.
Nom. Acc.	dëse	dësiu, disiu (thisu)	dëso
Gen.	dësero	dësero	dësero
Dat.	dësēm, -en	dësēm, -en	dësēm

Note.—The nom. sg. masc. is thërēr in Otfrid. The gen. sg. fem. is thërera in Otfrid, and thërra (thërro) in Tatian ; dat. fem. sg. tbëreru in Otfrid, and thërru (thërro, thërra) in Tatian ; gen. pl. thërero in Otfrid, and thërero (thërro) in Tatian.

§ 167. jenēr, that, yon, mostly written genēr, is declined like a strong adjective, § 137.

sëlb, self, ipse, may follow either the strong or the weak declension. Combined with the def. art., it signifies same, and always follows the weak declension.

5. Relative.

§ 168. A relative pronoun proper did not exist in OHG., its place was supplied by the demonstrative dër, daž, diu.

6. Interrogative.

§ 169. The OHG. simple interrogative pronoun had no independent form for the feminine, and was declined in the singular only.

	Sing.
	Masc. Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	hwër, wër, who	hwaž, waž, what
Acc.	hwënan, wënan, wën	hwaž, waž
Gen.	hews, wës	hwës, wës
Dat.	hwëmu, wëmo	hwëmu, wëmo
Instr.		hwiu, wiu

Note.—l. The initial h was dropped from the beginning of the ninth century.

2. For the instr. wiu the form hiu is also found.

3. A noun following wër was put in the gen., as wër manno, which man, lit. who of men.

§ 170. hwëdar, wëdar, which of two, hwëlīh, wëlīh, which, hweolīh, of what sort, and solīh, such, were declined like strong adjectives, § 137.

7. Indefinite.

§ 171. sum, sumilīh, sumalīh, a certain one, some one, declined like a strong adjective.

ein, one, einig, eining (in negative sentences any, any one), declined like a strong adjective.

wër, whoever, sō wër sō, whosoever, ëtewër, any one.

thëhein, dëhein, any one, any ; in negative sentences no one, no, none.

man, one, eoman, ioman, somebody, neoman, nioman, nobody.

nihein, nihhein; nohein, nohhein, no, none.

wiht, eowiht, iowiht, anything; neowiht, niowiht, nothing.

gilīh, like (with a noun in the gen.=each), manno gilīh, each man; wëlīh, giwëlīh, eogiwëlīh, iogiwëlīh, each.

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